RUTILE

RUTILE

Overview

Sovereign controls one of the largest rutile deposits in the world. This globally significant, strategic rutile discovery made across its large Malawi ground holding.

The Company’s objective is to develop a large-scale, long life rutile operation, focusing on developing an environmentally responsible, sustainable and socially uplifting operation.

Kasiya Deposit

Globally Significant

Kasiya’s maiden Mineral Resource Estimate (MRE) is 605Mt at 0.98% rutile, including a high-grade component of 137Mt @ 1.41% rutile.

The maiden MRE establishes Kasiya as a strategic and globally significant natural rutile discovery and confirms it as one of the largest natural rutile deposits in the world.

Natural rutile is traditionally a by-product or co-product from mineral sands mining where ilmenite is commonly the dominant mineral in the assemblage, alongside lesser natural rutile and zircon. Natural rutile is considered to be a genuinely scarce commodity, with no other known large rutile dominant deposits being discovered in the last half century.

Comparing Kasiya to the other major rutile-dominant resources, it sits within the top two alongside Sierra Rutile. Further near-future resource growth could see Kasiya potentially become the largest and pre-eminent rutile deposit globally, with central Malawi potentially becoming the largest rutile province in the world.

Current sources of natural rutile are in decline as several operations’ reserves are depleting concurrently with declining ore grades. These include Iluka Resources’ (Iluka) Sierra Rutile and Base Resources’ Kwale operations in Kenya. Recent announcements by Iluka advising of the potential suspension of operations at Sierra Rutile may cause significant additional product to be removed from the market in the near to medium term. Additionally, there are limited new deposits forecast to come online, and hence supplies of natural rutile are likely to remain in structural deficit.

Growth Potential

The Company now has a total of ~129km2 of drilled, high-grade rutile mineralisation (Kasiya 89km2 + Nsaru 40km2). The area covered by the Kasiya MRE is just 49km2 or 38% of the 129km2 drilled mineralised footprint. The opportunity to significantly expand on the maiden MRE in the near to medium term is therefore substantial.

The peripheral zones at Kasiya with nominal 800m x 800m drill spacing will be infilled to allow this material to be included in a future MRE. The Nsaru deposit also requires further infill and extensional drilling before it can be brought in to the MRE.

Step-out drilling at Kasiya and Nsaru is continuing with multiple field drilling teams deployed. Additional rutile mineralisation delineated should result in further future additions to the MRE.

Scoping Study

Sovereign completed an initial Scoping Study in December 2021 which confirms Kasiya as a globally significant natural rutile project. It is the largest undeveloped rutile deposit in the world and therefore is highly strategic in a market characterised by extreme supply deficit. The initial Scoping Study developed the concept for a multi-decade mine providing a stable supply of a highly sought-after rutile (TiO2) and graphite whilst contributing significantly to the economy of Malawi.

The Scoping Study demonstrates Kasiya as a globally significant natural rutile project with exceptional economics, including low capital and operating costs, resulting in a high margin operation.

Sovereign is aiming to develop an environmentally and socially sustainable operation to supply highly sought-after natural rutile and graphite to global markets.

The proposed large-scale operation will process soft, friable mineralisation mined from surface. The Project has excellent surrounding infrastructure including bitumen roads, a high-quality rail line connecting to the deep-water of Nacala on the Indian Ocean and hydro-sourced grid power.

Conventional Proven Processing

Metallurgical test-work with over 1 tonne of saprolite material demonstrated that very high-quality rutile meeting or exceeding typical market specifications can be produced.

Standout attributes include;

• • Rutile product grade of 96.0% TiO2 at a recovery of over 98%
  • Highly favourable grain size distribution (d50 = 145 micron)
  • Exceptionally low uranium and thorium levels
  • Exceptionally low chromium levels
  • Exceptionally low zirconium levels

Continued engagement with potential rutile off-takers in the pigment and welding industries – highly favourable feedback on chemical and physical specifications received

HUGE ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

The lack of supply of natural rutile, due to its genuine scarcity, prompted the titanium industry to develop energy and carbon intensive processes to upgrade ilmenite (low-grade titanium mineral) to high-grade titanium feedstock products that can be used as substitutes for natural rutile (i.e. synthetic rutile and titania slag).

Natural rutile requires no upgrading for direct use as titanium pigment feedstock, eliminating the upgrading step required for ilmenite, resulting in zero additional CO2 emissions. Up to 2.8 tonnes CO2 eq. for each tonne of natural rutile utilised could be saved compared to the upgrading/beneficiation of ilmenite, via smelting and chemical processes, to high-grade titanium feedstocks like titania slag and synthetic rutile.
The downstream processes (i.e. pigment production) rely heavily on the use of upgraded titanium feedstocks such as synthetic rutile and titania slag, each having an associated substantial environmental impact.

Due to growing environmental pressures, and with the significant carbon footprints of numerous industry players related to pyrometallurgical ilmenite upgrading operations, Sovereign’s natural rutile product is well positioned to impact the titanium supply chain with the ability to potentially displace and reduce the use of carbon and waste-intensive upgraded alternative titanium feedstocks.